List of U.S. cars

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This page tries to show every U.S. car ever made by manufacturer.

There were over 1800 automobile manufacturers in the United States from 1896 to 1930. Very few survived and only a few new ones were started after that period.

[hide]

1 Current
- 1.1 Major current US automakers
- 1.2 Minor current US automakers
2 Former US automakers
- 2.1 A
- 2.2 B
- 2.3 C
- 2.4 D
- 2.5 E
- 2.6 F-G
- 2.7 H
- 2.8 I-K
- 2.9 L
- 2.10 M
- 2.11 N-O
- 2.12 P-R
- 2.13 S
- 2.14 T-V
- 2.15 W-Z
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References

[Current

[Major current US automakers

With their various brand-names, many of which earlier had been independent companies, some of which are now extinct:

Chrysler (1924-present)
- Chalmers-Detroit/Chalmers (1908-1924)
- DeSoto (1929-1961)
- Dodge (1914-present)
- Eagle (1988-1998)
- Imperial (1955-1975, 1981-1983)
- Jeep (1963-present)
- Maxwell (1905-1925)
- Plymouth (1928-2001)
- Ram (2009-present)
- Valiant (1960-1966)
Ford (1903-present)
- Continental (1956-1957)
- Edsel (1958-1960)
- Lincoln (1920-present)
- Mercury (1939-present)
General Motors
- Buick (1903-present)
  - Marquette (1930)
- Cadillac (1903-present)
  - LaSalle (1927-1940)
- Cartercar (1906-1916)
- Chevrolet (1912-present)
  - Geo (1988-1998)
- Elmore (1893-1912)
- Ewing (1908-1911)
- GMC (1901-present)
- Hummer (1992-present)
- Oakland (1907-1931)
  - Pontiac (1926-2010)
- Oldsmobile (1897-2004)
  - Viking (1929-1931)
- Rainier (1905-1911)
- Saturn (1990-2009)
- Scripps Booth (1913-1923)
- Sheridan (1920-1921)
- Welch (1903-1911)
- Welch-Detroit (1910-1911)

[Minor current US automakers

AC Propulsion [1] (1997-present)
Advanced Automotive Technologies [2]
Anteros [3] (2005-present)
Avanti [4] (1965-1991; 2000-present)
Berrien Buggy [5] (1968-present)
Blast [6]
Callaway [7] (1984-present)
Carbon Motors Corporation [8] (2003-present)
Commuter [9] (2004-present)
Devon [10] (2008-present)
Dragon [11] (2002-present)
Electro [12]
E-Z-Go [13] (1954-present)
Formula1 Street [14]
Fisker [15] (2005-present)
Ida [16]
Mosler (originally named Consulier) (1993-present)
Oka
Panoz [17] (1989-present)
RDC (Ransom-Duesenberg-Continental), a YXI subsidiary (In various forms since 1905, in current form 2007-present)
Saleen [18] (1984-present)
Shelby American (1992-present)
SSC (2004-present)
Studebaker [19]
Tesla [20] (2007-present)
Vector [21]
Zimmer [22] (1980-1988; 1998-present)

[Former US automakers

[A

A Car Without A Name (1909-1910)
Abbott-Detroit (1909-1916)
ABC (1906-1910)
Able (1917-1919)
Ace (1920-1922)
Acme (1903-1911)
Adams-Farwell (1905-1911)
Adria (1921-1922)
Aerocar (1905-1908)
Aerocar (1946)
Airscoot (1947)
Airway (1949-1950)
Ajax (1914-1915)
Ajax (1920-1921)
Ajax (1925-1926)
Aland (1916-1917)
Albany (1907-1908)
Alco (1909-1913)
Aldo (1910)
Alena (1922)
All-Steel (1915-1916)
Allen (1913-1914)
Allen (1913-1921)
Allen Kingston (1907-1909)
Allied (1932-1934)
Allstate (1952-1953)
Alpena (1910-1914)
Alsace (1920-1921)
Alter (1915-1917)
Altham (1896-1899)
Altman (1901)
Aluminum (1920-1922)
Amalgamated (1917-1919)
Ambassador (1921-1925)
Amco (1917-1922)
America (1911)
American (1899)
American (1902-1903)
American (1911-1912)
American (1914)
American (1910-24)
American Austin (1930-1934) (later American Bantam) (1938-1941)
American Chocolate (1903-1906)
American Electric (1899-1902)
American Electric (1913-1914)
American Locomotive Company (ALCO) (1909-1913)
American Motors Corporation (AMC) (1954-1987)
American Populaire (1904-1905)
American Simplex (1906-1910) (see also Amplex)
American Steam (1924-1942)
American Steamer (1922-1924)
American Tri-Car (1912)
American Underslung (1905-1914)
American Waltham (1898-1899)
American Voiturette (see Car-Nation)
Ames (1910-1915)
Amplex (1910-1913) (see also American Simplex)
Anahuac (1922)
Anchor Buggy (1910-1911)
Anderson (1907-1910)
Anderson (1916-1925)
Anderson Electric (see Detroit Electric)
Anhut (1909-1910)
Ann Arbor (1911-1912)
Ansted (1926-1927)
Ansted-Lexington (1922)
Apollo (1906-1907)
Apollo (1962-1964)
Apperson (1902-1926)
Apple (1917-1918)
ArBenz (1911-1918)
Ardsley (1905-1906)
Argo (1914-1918)
Argo Electric (1912-1916)
Argonaut (1959-1963)
Argonne (1919-1920)
Ariel (1905-1906)
Armstrong Electric (1901-1902)
Arnolt (1953-1963)
Arrow (1914)
Asardo (1959-1960)
Astra (1920)
Atlas (1907-1913)
Auburn (1900-1936)
Aultman (1901)
Aurora (1957-1958)
Austin (1901-1921) (note: this is different from both the UK Austin and American Austin)
Auto Red Bug (1916-1920)
Autocar (1901-1912)
Auto Cub (1956)
Autoette (1910-1913)
Autoette (1948-1970)
Automatic Electric (1921)

[B

Babcock Electric (1906-1912)
Bailey Electric (1907-1916)
Baker Electric (1899-1916)
Balzer (1894-1900)
Barley (1923-1924)
Barrows Electric (1895-1899)
Bates (1903-1905)
Bay State (1922-1926)
Beaver (1912)
Beggs (1919-1923)
Bell (1916-1922)
Belmont (1916)
Bendix (1908-1909)
Benham (1914-1917)
Berg (1903-1905)
Bergdoll (1910-1913)
Berkshire (1905-1912)
Berwick Electric (1904)
Biddle (1916-1923)
Biesel (1914)
Binghamton Electric (1920)
Binney & Burnham (1901-1902)
Birmingham (1920-1923)
Birch (1916-1923)
Black (1896-1900)
Black (1908-1910)
Black Crow (1909-1911)
Blackhawk (1929-1930)
Blakely (c.1972-1987)
Blood (1902-1905)
Bobbi-Kar (1945-1947)
Borland Electric (1910-1916)
Bour-Davis (1915-1922)
Brew-Hatcher (1904-1905)
Brewster (1915-1925, 1934-1935)
Briggs-Detroiter (1912-1917)
Briscoe (1914-1921)
Broc Electric (1909-1916)
Brush (1907-1912)
Bryan (1918-1923)
Buckmobile (1903-1905)
Buffalo (1900-1902)
Buffalo Electric (1901-1906, 1912-1915)
Buffum (1901-1906)
Burg (1910 - 1913)
Bush (1916-1924)

[C

Cameron (1903-1920)
Cannon (1902-1906)
Car de Luxe (1906-1910)
Car-Nation (c.1912-1915)
Carhartt (1910-1911)
Carter Twin-Engine (1907-1908)
Case (1911-1927)
Cavac (1910)
Century Electric (1911-1915)
Chadwick (1904-1916)
Chandler (1914-1929)
Chapman Electric (1899-1901)
Checker (1922-1982)
Chicago Electric (1913-1916)
Christie (1904-1910)
Church
Church-Field (1912-1915)
Citicar (1974-1983)
Cleveland (1919-1926)
Cleveland Electric (1909-1910)
Clenet (1976-1986)
Climber (1919-1924)
Clipper (1955-1956)
Coates-Goshen (1908-1910)
Coats Steamer (1921-1923)
Coey (1913-1917)
Colby (1911-1914)^[1]
Cole (1909-1925)
Colonial (1921-1922)
Colonial Six (1917)
Colt (1907)
Columbia Electric (1897-1913)
Columbia Six (1916-1924)
Columbus Electric (1903-1915)
Comet (1917-1922)
Commerce (1922)
Commonwealth (1917-1922)
Consolidated (see Moyea)
Continental (1933-1934)
Corbin (1904-1912)
Corbin (1999-2003)
Cord (1929-1932, 1936-1937)
Correja (1908-1915)
Courier (1904-1905)
Courier (1910-1912)
Courier (1923)
Covert (1902-1907)
Coyote (1909-1910)
Crane (1912-1914)
Crane & Breed (1912-1917)
Crane-Simplex (1922)
Crawford (1905-1923)
Crestmobile (1901-1905)
Cricket (1914)
Crofton (1959-1961)
Crosley (1939-1952)
Crow-Elkhart (1911-1923)
Crown (1905-1907)
Croxton (1909-1910)
Croxton-Keeton (1909-1910)
Cunningham (1907-1936)
Cunningham (1951-1955)
Curtiss (1920-1921)
Cutting (1909-1912)
CVI (1907-1908)

[D

DAC (1922-1923)
Dagmar (1922-1927)
Daniels (1916-1924)
Darrin (1955-1958)
Davis (1908-1929)
Davis (1914)
Davis (1947-1949)
Davis Steam (1921)
Day (1911-1914)
Dayton Electric (1911-1915)
De La Vergne (1895-1896)
De Luxe (1910)
De Mot (1910)
De Schaum (1908-1909)
De Tamble (1908-1913)
De Vaux (1931)
De Vaux Continental (1932)
Deal (1905-1911)
Del Mar (1949)
Delling (1924-1927)
Demotcar (1910-1911)
Desberon (1901-1904)
Detroit (1899-1902)
Detroit (1904)
Detroit Cyclecar (1913-1914)
Detroit-Dearborn (1910-1911)
Detroit Electric (1907-circa 1939)
Detroit-Oxford (1905-1906)
Detroit Steam (1923)
Detroiter (1912-1917)
DeWitt (c.1908-1910)
Diamond T (1905-1911)
Diana (1925-1928)
Dile (1914-1916)
Dingfelder (1903)
Dispatch (1910)
Dixie Flyer (1916-1923)
Doble (1914-1918, 1923-1931)
Dodge (1914-1915)
Dodgeson (1926)
Dolson (1904-1907)
Dorris (1906-1925)
Dort (1915-1924)
Downing-Detroit (1913-1915)
Dragon (1906-1908)
Drexel (1916-1917)
Driggs (1921-1923)
Driggs-Seabury (1915)
Dual-Ghia (1956-1962)
Dudly Bug (1913-1915)
Duesenberg (1920-1937)
DuPont (1919-1931)
Durant (1921-1932)
Duryea (1893-1917)
Dymaxion (1933-1934)

[E

Earl (1921-1923)
Eastman (1898-1900)
Edwards (1954-1955)
Eisenhuth (1896-1900)
Elcar (1915-1931)
Eldredge (1903-1906)
Electricar (1950-1966)
Electric Carriage (1896-1897)
Electric Vehicle (1897-1899)
Electrobat (see Morris & Salom)
Elgin (1916-1924)
Emerson (1917)
E-M-F (1909-1912)
Empire (1901-1902)
Empire (1910-1919)
Empire Steamer (1899-1900)
Endurance (1922-1924)
Enger (1909-1927)
Engler (1914-1915)
Erskine (1927-1930)
Eshelman (1953-1960)
Essex (1919-1932)
Etnyre (1910-1911)
Eureka (1900)
Eureka (1907-1909)
Everitt (1909-1912)
Excel (1914)
Excalibur

[F-G

Fal-Car (1909-1913)
Falcon-Knight (1927-1929)
Faulkner-Blanchard (1910)
Ferris (1920-1922)
Fiberfab (c.1964-1996)
Fina-Sport (1953-1954)
Firestone-Columbus (1909-1915)
Fischer-Detroit (1914)
Flanders Electric (1912-1914)
Flint (1923-1927)
Flyer (1913-1914)
Foster (1901-1904)
Fostoria (1915-1916)
Fox (1921-1923)
Franklin (1902-1934)
Frayer-Miller (1904-1909)
Frazen (1951-1962)
Frazer (1947-1951)
Fredonia (1902-1904)
Friend (1920-1921)
Fritchle Electric (1905-1920)
Frontenac (1921-1925)
FRP (1914-1916)
FS (1911-1912)
Fuller (1907-1909)
Gadabout (1913-1915)
Gaeth (1902-1911)
Gale (1905-1907)
Gardner (1920-1931)
Garford (1908, 1911-1913)
Gas-au-Lec (1905-1906)
Gasmobile (1899-1902)
Gaylord (1911-1912)
Gaylord (1955-1956)
Gem (1917-1919)
Geronimo (1917-1920)
GJG (1909-1914)
Glassic (1966-1976)
Glasspar (1950-1954)
Glide (1903-1920)
Globe Four (1921-1922)
Gordon (1947)
Graham (1930-1941)
Graham-Paige (1928-1930)
Grant (1913-1922)
Gray (1922-1926)
Great Eagle (1910-1918)
Great Smith (1907-1911)
Great Southern (1912-1914)
Great Western (1910-1916)
Greenleaf (1902)
Gregory (1920-1922)
Grinnell (1910-1913)
Griswold (1907)
Grout (1900-1912)
Gyroscope (1908-1909)

[H

Hackett (1916-1919)
H.A.L. (1916-1918)
Halladay (1905-1922)
Hammer (1905-1906)
Hammer-Sommer (1902-1904)
Handley-Knight (1921-1923)
Hanson (1918-1925)
Harrison (1905-1906)
Harroun (1917-1922)
Harvard (1915-1921)
Hatfield (1907-1908)
Hatfield (1916-1924)
Havers (1908-1914)
Hawk (1914)
Haynes (1905-1924)
Haynes-Apperson (1896-1905)
HCS (1920-1925)
Heine-Velox (1905-1906, 1921-1923)
Henney (1960-1964)
Henry (1910-1912)
Henry J (1951-1954)
Herff-Brooks (1915-1916)
Herreshoff (1909-1914)
Hertz (1924-1927)
Hewitt-Lindstrom (1900-1901)
Hidley (1901)
Hitchcock (1909)
H-M Free-Way (c.1977-1985)
Hobbie Accessible (1908-1909)
Hoffman (1901-1904)
Hoffman (1931)
Hol-Tan (1908)
Holley (1900-1904)
Hollier (1915-1921)
Holmes (1918-1923)
Holsman (1903-1910)
Hoppenstand (1949-1950)
Howard (1913-1914)
Huber (1903-1907)
Hudson (1901-1902)
Hudson (1909-1957)
Huffman (1920-1925)
Hupmobile (1909-1941)
Hupp-Yeats (1911-1916)
Huselton (1911-1914)

[I-K

Imp (1913-1914)
Imperial (1908-1916)
International Harvester (1907-1911; 1956-1980)
Inter-State (1909-1919)
Jackson (1903-1923)
Jacquet Flyer (1921)
Jaeger (1932-1933)
Janney (1907)
Jeannin (1908)
Jeffery (1914-1917)
Jewett (1922-1927)
Johnson (1905-1912)
Jones (1914-1920)
Jordan (1917-1931)
JPL (1913)
Kaiser (1947-1955)
Kauffman (1909-1912)
Kearns (1909-1916)
Keeton (1912-1914)
Keller (1948-1950)
Kelsey (1920-1924)
Kensington (1899-1904)
Kent's Pacemaker (1899-1901)
Kenworthy (1920-1921)
Kermath (1907-1908)
Kess-Line 8 (1922)
Kessler (1921-1922)
Keystone (1899-1900)
Keystone (1914-1915)
Kiblinger (1907-1909)
Kimball Electric (1910-1912)
King (1896, 1911-1923)
King Midget (1947-1969)
King-Remick (1910)
Kissel (1907-1931)
Kleiber (1924-1929)
Kline Kar (1910-1923)
Knox (1900-1914)
Komet (1911)
Koppin (1915)
K-R-I-T (or Krit) (1910-1915)
Kurtis Kraft (1949-1955)

[L

LaFayette (1921-1924)
Lambert (1905-1917)
Lane (1900-1911)
Laurel (1916-1920)
Leach (1920-1923)
Lenawee (1903-1904)
Lenox (1911-1917)
Leon Rubay (1923)
Lexington (1910-1927)
Liberty (1916-1924)
Light (1914)
Lincoln (1912-1913)
Lincoln Highway (1914)
Lion (1909-1912)
Liquid Air (1899-1902)
Little (1911-1913)
Little Detroit (1913-1914)
Little Princess (1913-1914)
Locomobile (1899-1929)
Logan (1904-1908)
Lone Star (1920-1922)
Lorraine (1920-1922)
Lozier (1898, 1901, 1905-1918)
LuLu (1914)
Luverne (1904-1917)
Lyons Atlas (1913-1915)

[M

Madison (1915-1919)
Maibohm (1916-1922)
Majestic (1917)
Malcolm Jones (1914-1915)
Marathon (1908-1914)
Marble-Swift (1903-1905)
Marion (1904-1915)
Marion Flyer (1910)
Marion-Handley (1916-1919)
Marmon (1902-1933)
Marr (1903-1904)
Martin (1928-1932)
Marvel (1907)
Maryland (1907-1910)
Mason (1906-1914)
Matheson (1903-1912)
McFarlan (1910-1928)
McIntyre (1909-1915)
Mecca (1915-1916)
Menominee (1915)
Mercer (1910-1926)
Mercury (1914)
Meteor (1915-1930)
Metz (1909-1921)
Metzger (see Everitt)
Michigan (1903-1908)
Michigan (1908-1911)
Midland (1908-1913)
Milburn Electric (1915-1923)
Miller (1912-1913)
Mitchell (1903-1923)
Model (1903-1907)
Mohs (1967-1979)
Moline (1904-1913)
Moline-Knight (1914-1919)
Monarch (1914-1917)
Monitor (1915-1922)
Monroe (1914-1923)
Moon (1905-1929)
Moore (1916-1920)
Mora (1906-1911)
Morris & Salom (1894-1897)
Morse (1910-1916)
Motor Bob (1914)
Moyea (1903-1904)
Moyer (1911-1915)
MPM (1914-1915)
Munson (1896-1900)
Muntz (1951-1954)
Murray (1916-1921)
Murray-Mac (1921-1929)
Myers

[N-O

Nash (1917-1957)
Nash-Healey (1951-1954)
National (1900-1924)
Navajo (1953-1954)
Nelson (1917-1921)
New Parry (1911-1912)
Niagara (1903-1905)
Nielson (1907)
Noma (1919-1923)
Northern (1902-1908)
Northway (1921-1922)
Norwalk (1910-1922)
Nu-Klea (1959-1960)
Nyberg (1911-1914)
O-We-Go (1914)
Ogren (1915-1917, 1920-1923)
Ohio (1909-1912)
Ohio Electric (1910-1918)
Olympian (1917-1921)
Orient (1902-1908)
Orlo (1904)
Overland (1903-1926, 1939)
Owen Magnetic (1915-1922)

[P-R

Packard (1899-1958)
Paige (1911-1928)
Paige-Detroit (1909-1912)
Palmer-Singer (1908-1914)
Parry (1910)
Partin (1913)
Partin-Palmer (1913-1917)
Paterson (1909-1923)
Pathfinder (1912-1917)
Peerless (1900-1931)
Penn (1910-1913)
Pennsylvania (1907-1911)
Petrel (1909-1912)
Phelps (1903-1905)
Phianna (1917-1922)
Piedmont (1917-1922)
Pierce-Arrow (1901-1938)
Pierce-Racine (1904-1911)
Piggins (1909)
Pilot (1909-1924)
Pittsburgh Six (1908-1910)
Plass (1897)
Playboy (1947-1951)
Pope-Hartford (1904-1914)
Pope-Robinson (1902-1904)
Pope-Toledo (1903-1909)
Pope-Tribune (1904-1908)
Pope-Waverley (1903-1908)
Powell (1955-1956)
Pratt (1911-1915)
Premier (1902-1926)
Princess (1914-1918)
Publix (1947-1948)
Pullman (1905-1917)
Pungs Finch (1904-1908)
Pup (1948-1949)
Queen (1904-1907)
Quick (1899-1900)
Quinby (1899)
Rambler (1902-1913)
Rambler (1958-1968)
Rauch & Lang (1905-1932)
Rayfield (1911-1915)
Reber (1902-1903)
Regal (1908-1918)
Reliable Dayton (1906-1909)
Reliance (1904-1906)
Reo (1905-1936)
Republic (1910-1916)
ReVere (1918-1926)
Richelieu (1922-1923)
Richmond (1904-1917)
Rickenbacker (1922-1927)
Riker (1897-1902)
Riotte (1895; 1899)
Roamer (1916-1929)
Rocket (see Scripps-Booth)
Rockne (1932-1933)
Rollin (1924-1925)
Roosevelt (1929-1930)
Ross (1915-1918)
Ross Steamer (1905-1909)
Royal Tourist (1904-1911)
Rugby (1922-1928)
Rutenber (1902)
Ruxton (1929-1930)
R&V Knight (1920-1924)

[S

Sampson (1911)
Saxon (1913-1922)
Sayers (1917-1924)
Scarab (1958)
Schacht (1904-1914)
Schaum (1901-1905)
Searchmont (1900-1903)
Sears (1908-1912)
Selden (1909-1912)
Severin (1920-1921)
SGV (1911-1915)
Shad-Wyck (1917-1923)
Shawmobile (or Shaw) (1920-1930)
Simplex (1907-1919)
Simplo (1908-1909)
Sinclair-Scott (1904-1907)
Singer (1914-1920)
Single Center (1907-1908)
Sintz (1899-1904)
Skelton (1920-1922)
Skene (1900-1901)
Smith (1903-1907)
Smith Flyer (1915-1919)
Spaulding (1910-1916)
Speedwell (1907-1914)
St. Louis (1899-1907)
Standard (1904-1908)
Standard (1912-1923)
Standard (1915-1923)
Standard Electric (or Standard Electrique) (1911-1915)
Standard Six (1909-1910)
Standard Steam (1920-1921)
Stanley (1896-1924)
Stanwood (1920-1922)
Star (1922-1928)
Staver (1907-1914)
Steamobile (1900-1902)
Stearns (1900-1911)
Stearns-Knight (1912-1929)
Stephens (1917-1924)
Sterling-Knight (1920-1926)
Stevens-Duryea (1901-1927)
Stewart (1915-1916)
Stewart-Coats (1922)
Stoddard-Dayton (1904-1913)
Stout-Scarab (1932-1936)
Studebaker (1902-1966)
Studebaker-Garford (1904-1911)
Stutz (1911-1935)
Success (1906-1909)
Sultan (1908-1912)
Sun (1916-1917)
Sun (1921-1922)

[T-V

Templar (1917-1924)
Terraplane (1932-1938)
Texan (1920-1922)
Thomas (1902-1919)
Thomas-Detroit (1906-1908)
Tincher (1903-1909)
Totem (1921-1922)
Towne Shopper (1948)
Tourist (1902-1910)
Trihawk (1983-c.1987)
Twombly (1910)
Twombly (1913-1915)
Tucker (1948)
Tulsa (1918-1922)
Union (1902-1905)
US Automobile (1899-1901)
Van Wagoner (1899-1900)
Velie (1908-1929)
Virginian (1911-1912)
Vulcan (1913-1915)

[W-Z

Wagenhals (1910-1915)
Walter (1902-1909)
Waltham (1905-1908, 1922)
Ware Steam Wagon (1861-1867)
Warren-Detroit (1910-1913)
Wasp (1919-1924)
WaterCar
Waverley Electric (1898-1903, 1909-1916) (see also Pope-Waverley)
Wayne (1904-1908)
Westcott (1912-1925)
Whippet (1927-1931)
White (1900-1918)
Wills Sainte Claire (1921-1927)
Willys (1916-1918, 1930-1942, 1953-1963)
Willys Knight (1914-1933)
Wilson (1903-1905)
Windsor (1929-1930)
Winton (1896-1924)
Winther (1921-1923)
Wolverine (1927-1928)
Woodill (1952-1956)
Woods Electric (1899-1916)
Xenia (1914)
Yale (1902-1905)
Yale (1916-1918)
Yellow Cab (1915-1930)
ZAP
Zent (1900-1902, 1904-1906)
Zimmerman (1908-1915)
Zip (1913-1914)
Zoe

[See also

[Notes

^ http://www.uni.edu/iowaonline/prairievoices/images/Out_of_the_Mud.pdf

[References

Georgano, Nick (Ed.). The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2000. ISBN 1-57958-293-1
Kimes, Beverly Rae and Clark Jr, Henry Austin. Standard Catalog of American Cars: 1805-1942 (Third Edition). Iola, WI: Krause, 1996. ISBN 0-87341-428-4
Kowalke, Ron (Ed.). Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946-1975 (Fourth Edition). Iola, WI: Krause, 1997. ISBN 0-87341-521-3
Mazur, Eligiusz (Ed.). World of Cars 2006/2007: Worldwide Car Catalogue. Warsaw: Media Connection, 2006. ISSN 1734-2945